Format:

1.  Matching - 15 questions (1 pt each)

You will match names of mythological characters to the most appropriate associated name, symbol, place, or idea. Only one answer will be possible for
each. Example: Pan might be associated with woods, shepherds, pipes (Syrinx), Arcadia, Hermes (his father), goat (he is half-goat), Apollo (music
contest), Midas (devotee who sided with him in contest), etc.

2. Map Identification and Association - 5 questions

You will identify 5 major locations in the Greek world associated with a particular deity or other mythological character. In the first part of the question, you will identify by name the places marked on a map, then in the second part of the question you will associate a specific name with that location. I will distribute a map with all locations marked and associated names listed. Example: Phoenicia - located on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was mentioned in association with Europa and Jove, and it was the homeland of the goddess Astarte, from whom Aphrodite seems to have picked up many worship practices through Greek and Phoenician contact on the island of Cyprus

3. General Multiple Choice - 15 questions

5 possible answers dealing with any number of names, subjects, interpretations, etc.

4. Slide Identification - 10 questions, shown for up to 45 seconds each (1.5 pts each) These will be in a short answer format.

I will show you ten (10) slides accompanied by 1 question each, which may be in multiple parts. The slides will be from Carpenter or the syllabus on the web. Questions may be directed toward identification of specific characters or objects, brief plot explication of the myth depicted, or comparative analysis of the artistic and literary versions of the myths. Example: What does Carpenter 100 depict (Birth of Athena from Zeus' head)? Who is at the far left (Hermes)? far right (Ares)? Identify the 2 versions of Athene's origins (from Zeus alone; from Zeus and Metis, whom he swallowed). Use Carpenter numbers (e.g. C233) below as study aids for this portion of the exam AND look at all the linked artworks on the website, right column.

4. Short Answer Questions - 10 questions - 5 pts each, sometimes divided into parts

Especially be prepared for questions involving comparison and contrast between themes, characters and ideas, and comparison of story treatments in Ovid. But also you may be asked to provide factual answers that make connections within longer stories like Theogony, and the two longer Homeric Hymns.

5. Essay - to be turned in at exam time or scheduled on exam day, but produced outside class time. 10 pts. Choose any one myth covered thus far that you enjoyed reading and thinking about - Greek or biblical. Discuss what you find intriguing about that story's view of humankind, whether from the Greek perspective, modern perspective or both. Examine what makes that story stand out as one worth retelling and reinterpreting, and give your own explanation of what that myth means to you personally considering the way it was told in your reading. This essay may be WRITTEN (1 1/2 -2 pages word processed) in an essay format submitted as a hard copy or online (visual material may be used for emphasis or reference, not just for beautification) or ORAL (audiotaped, or by office appointment to come present to me in person - text does not have to be written out verbatim, but should be very organized and strictly timed for complete presentation in less than 5 minutes; you may use any oral format you like to present your ideas)

Topics for Study: Know something about each of these items. This is NOT meant as a replacement for your notes or complete reading of texts. Every subject that may be asked will not necessarily appear here. This is merely and outline of names and concepts mentioned in class and read at home.

Define myth and mythology for modem society and based on the meanings from Greek words - mythos and logos. Understand differences and similarities between this and other terms for traditional stories - legend, fiction, fairy tale, fable, parable
Historical Ages - Early Middle Bronze Age 3000-1600BCE  (Minoan  -1450/1375 BCE)        Indo-European
Late Bronze Age (Mycenaean) - 1600-1200 BCE        1184 BCE Trojan War
Dark Age - 1200-800 BCE        Dorian    Ionian    Aeolian
Minoan civilization = island of Crete (3000/2500 BC-1450 BC)
Mycenae(an) civilization = mainland Greece (1600-1200 BC) - these are the two major cultures of the Greek world in the Bronze Age which roughly corresponds with the time the Greeks were regarding as the period when the major myths occurred and when the heroes lived - see Hesiod's Age of Heroes between Bronze and Iron Ages
Archaic Period - 800-480 BCE  - Hesiod, Homeric Hymns written in this period
Classical Period - 480-323 BCE - Aeschylus Prometheus Bound c. 460 BCE, Aristophanes' Frogs written 405 BCE
Hellenistic Period - 323-31 BCE
Roman Period - 31 BCE to end of classical world  - Ovid's Metamorphoses written c 15 CE/AD
Minoan civilization = island of Crete (3000/2500 BC-1450 BC)
Mycenae(an) civilization = mainland Greece (1600-1200 BC) - these are the two major cultures of the Greek world in the Bronze Age which roughly corresponds with the time the Greeks were regarding as the period when the major myths occurred and when the heroes lived - see Hesiod's Age of Heroes between Bronze and Iron Ages
Recognize - ritual strong component of myth
Methods of interpretation: Theagenes - water is the major creative principle, Euhemerism (gods are just men deified for great deeds); allegory - Cupid & Psyche = Desire and Rational Thought  - allegory used throughout Christian period and Middle Ages to interpret objectionable but useful pagan stories
Enlightenment - turn toward reason and away from myths as useful lessons, beginnings of treating myth as exclusively 'false stories' - myths produced by ignorant, savage societies
Romantic and Anthropological - return to usefulness of myths as statements of cultural ideals, study of their language and messages
Psychoanalysis - Freud - dreams, early childhood development
Structuralism - esp. Claude Levi-Strauss, and J-P Vernant - division of thought into opposites: raw/cooked, light/dark, wild/domesticated
Feminist theory - earth mother, goddess studies
Facts about and evidence of Oral transmission of myths: pick out some stories that show how the purpose and structure of stories show their origins in
song and poetry and how oral traditions of passing the story on altered or influenced the story - notice for example between Hesiod's very repetitive style and Ovid's more polished literary style - Hesiod is much closer to the oral tradition

PLEASE CONSULT THE ONLINE LINK "MYTHNAMES"
Bumba's creation story from Bantu myth
Four original entities: Chaos, Gaia(Earth), Tartaros, Eros
Compare: Bible Creation, Ovid's creation esp, 4 ancient elements - fire, air, earth, water; "scientific" approach  - note Ovid's references to God or Nature as creative forces, showing disputes of philosophers on the universe
parthenogenic birth (virgin birth, birth without a sexual partner) - know several examples and meaning/significance
Gaia and Ouranos/Uranus (Heaven), castration by Kronos(Cronus), birth of Aphrodite C90, also other versions of Birth of Aphrodite
Major Titans - Okeanos(Oceanus) - river around earth (C86), Rhea, Kronos, children of Iapetus - Prometheus, Atlas (C116), Epimetheus (C119)
Birth and childhood of Zeus/Jupiter,Jove (Crete) and his siblings (Hestia/Vesta, Demeter/Ceres, Hera/Juno, Poseidon/Neptune, Hades/Pluto),
overthrow of Kronos - trick with rock C94
parthenogenic birth of Typhoeus/Typhaon from Gaia C96,99 (compare birth from Hera in Homeric Hymn to Apollo)
Metis swallowed by Zeus produces Athena, Hera produces Hephaistos in response
Succession myth - Son overthrows father, 3 sets of stories, but Zeus never overthrown - notice several attempts above (Titans, Typhoeus, Athena?
Hephaistos? Prometheus; Know differences between each succession story - how father responded/tried to prevent succession
Characterize Zeus in the Theogony; Only children of Zeus&Hera - Ares, Eileithyia (childbirth), Hebe (youth)
Homeric Hymn to Gaia, the Earth

5 Ages of Hesiod (Works and Days) and 4 of Ovid Metamorphoses - compare and contrast these and the Garden of Eden story
Note that Kronos (Saturn) ruled over Golden Age in a form of banishment or prior to his banishment  - also Hesiod notes he is given some authority in the Age of Heroes
Deucalion and Pyrrha (children of Prometheus and Epimetheus, respectively), Lycaon's involvement
recreation of man after flood - chthonic (earth-born) beings risen from the earth; Flood myths like second creation myth. Why flood myths in so many cultures? - purification, regeneration, people encounter them along riverplains, Freudian womb interpretation
compare and contrast with biblical flood

Prometheus - 2 crimes, compare Hesiod's 2 accounts (Theogony, Works&Days) and Prometheus Bound
Name means "Forethought," brother Epimetheus=Afterthought, know how that becomes a significant difference between their stories; Prometheus punished in Caucasus with eagle eating liver C116,117
association with fire C118, crafts, man, culture, deception, sacrifice, Pandora
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound c. 460 BCE - know all major characters, similarities of Hephaestus and Prometheus, characterization of Zeus and Prometheus in play; how does Prometheus represent idea of humanism - belief that man is the measure by which all may be understood, man can figure it out
Recall Goethe's poem on Prometheus, read in class
See Vernant's reading of this myth and the structure that underlies it according to his theory, what objections might we present to his reading? Esp. notice the dual opposites presented in the material - the responses to giving and not giving (hiding) between Zeus and Prometheus, references to Pandora and the belly of man and woman as associated with the earth as a mother

Pandora - 2 versions in Hesiod (unnamed in Theogony) C 119, role of Prometheus/Epimetheus in story; role of Hope in story, How is she a punishment
to all men? What does Hesiod reveal about early Greek views of women? Understand Hesiod's subject of Strife (good and bad) and the ultimate and final reign of Zeus

Zeus(Jove, Jupiter) C54,55,60 - Olympia, Dodona - oracle, lightning, eagle, oak  Homeric Hymn to Zeus biggest and greatest
Io, Hera (Juno) - Homeric Hymn to Hera connection to Argos, motherhood - legitimacy of children - see her hounding of Zeus' mistresses and illegitimate children
Hermes (Mercury), Argus/Argos C77,78
Io's wandering, explain her relation to cows - horns of Isis, compare her in Prometheus Bound to Metamorphoses, Hermes the Argus-slayer (Argeiphontes)
(Pan/Syrinx story inserted here, why?), peacock, Io winds up as Isis in Egypt with son Epaphus
Europa C56, 57- bull cult of Crete, mother of Minos founder of the Minoan culture

Aphrodite(Venus)-Kytherea or Cytherea (island of Cythera), Cypris (island of Cyprus) (C67,68) ideal of female beauty, Birth from Ouranos = Aphrodite Ourania (ethereal, sacred, sublime love), birth from
Dione(just means goddess)=Aphrodite Pandemos (all people - sexual, erotic, common love) Love goddess from Phoenicia - Astarte, dove, swan
 relationship to Ares (Mars) - sometimes treated as his wife, sometimes as Hephaestus' wife
Adonis - connect myth to mortality/immortality, gods' warnings, his death and worship along with Aphrodite/Astarte on Cyprus; Adonai = lord in Hebrew
Story of Atalanta and Hippomenes inserted in this - what purpose?what result? Cybele - lion chariot  - earth/fertility goddess + vegetation god (e.g. Adonis)

Ares (Mars) - son of Zeus and Hera; fierce, negative side of War, dogs, boars, not highly regarded by Greeks, considered barbarian - Thrace; association with Aphrodite C66 - story in Ovid Homeric Hymn to Ares - different view than usual Greek idea

Hephaestus (Vulcan) -lameness, birth from Hera, thrown from Heaven by Hera or Zeus, Lemnos - volcanic island he landed on; god of smiths and
craftsmen; association with Aphrodite, Athena, Prometheus C12,15,88,101 humor + cleverness in stories of Hephaestus, esp. capture of Mars and Venus

Apollon/Apollo - Phoebus, Pythius (Python, Pythia, located at Delphi) - oracle, Delphinius - Cretan sailors, Delius - birthplace on Delos C71, ideal male beauty C70, explain connection of all his
roles - literature, poetry, law, art, philosophy, prophecy, archery - far shooter (silver bow), medicine, Sun - late association
Homeric Hymn attached to 3 cult names above - know each story
Mother Leto C102, sister Artemis, father Zeus - story of search for birthplace, fear of and power of the god, compare Delos and Leto conversation with later Apollo and Telphousa conversation
Establishment of oracle at Delphi - tripod, the Pythia, treasuries, omphalos(navel) center of the world C356; Ring composition Apollo/Telphousa,
Apollo/Python C103,104 (see also Ovid at end of Deucalion and Pyrrha story), Zeus/ Typhaon (here Typhaon born from Hera) - note the genealogical relationships on both sides of story - Zeus father of Apollo, Hera mother of Typhaon who is given to Python to raise
Daphne - laurel; Hyacinthus - homosexuality, athletics, medicine
Competition with Pan judged poorly by Midas - Golden touch, asses' ears, barber

Hermes(Mercury) - Herms and boundaries, roads and all who use it - messenger C119 - messenger objects kerykeion(caduceus), petasos (traveling hat)
outfit - know parts of it, orator, ideal youth C109, psychopomp C79,44, explain connection of all his roles; called Cyllenius from birth on Mt Cyllene in
Arcadia - fertility/shepherd/woodland god, passes some roles to his son Pan
Homeric Hymn - mother Maia; note examples of inventiveness and trickiness, how does he show most of his godly roles in the story? C105,106, close
to Apollo later C69

Athena (Minerva) Pallas, Parthenos, glaukopis (grey-eyed), aegis C73, war goddess C82,83, snakes, Athens C85, olive, owl, wisdom, female crafts, patron of heroes  Homeric Hymn - birth (Zeus alone or+Metis), also see Hesiod above C98,100,101 power as a virgin, explain
Arachne in Ovid, ekphrasis

Artemis (Diana) Cynthia, birth at Mt. on Delos, see Homeric Hymn to Artemis
animals - Potnia theron (Beast mistress, protector) C75, woods C 46 archery(golden bow) C71 fertility (Ephesus) and virginity? childbirth  - assistance with Apollo's birth  Actaeon C130,133

Dionysus - Bacchus (Liber), Iacchus, Evius, Bromius, Dithyrambus - twice bom (Semele - see Ovid, C107,  Zeus' thigh C108) wine, vegetation, theater, ecstasy, thyrsus, satyrs, Maenads  (bacchae/bacchantes), Silenus C9,10,15
Came from Asia? or Thrace? Homeric Hymn - traveling god, festival connection with ship float, pirates, dolphins; Note the insertion of the Homeric Hymn story of Dionysus into Ovid's version of Pentheus vs. Bacchus
Ovid on Pentheus - know all characters and important lines - Pentheus (name means grief) C134 , reasons for his destruction
Tiresias transformed to a woman and back - see Ovid
 Dionysus is a native of Thebes in story of Bacchus and Pentheus  C134
Aristophanes Frogs produced, won 1st place 405 BCE - know these characters - Dionysus, Xanthias, Heracles, Aeacus, Charon

You must know the attributes (symbols) and realms of oversight for each god and goddess studied and how to identify them in literature and art.